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Monday, November 14, 2016

Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People

Narendra Modi went on national television at 8 p.m. on November 8 to announce that from midnight of that very date, i.e. in a mere four hours’ time, 500 and 1000 rupee notes would cease to be legal-tender. 
The justification advanced for this bizarre move was that it would strike at “black money”. An additional argument was thrown in, to the effect that fake currency notes used by “terrorists” would now cease to be effective, and some particularly enthusiastic supporters of the government even went to the extent of calling it a “surgical strike against terrorism”. 
I shall come to the fake currency issue later. Let me first look at the “black money” argument which even President Pranab Mukherjee has gone out of his way to endorse. This argument, namely that the demonetization of 500 and 1000 rupee notes constitutes an attack on “black money”, is based on an utter lack of understanding of the nature of “black money,” a conception of it that is staggering in its simple-mindedness. 
The implicit understanding is that “black money” consists of hoards of cash which are held in trunks or pillowcases or buried under the earth. With this understanding, it is then suggested that if 500 and 1000 rupee notes are demonetized, then people going to banks to exchange large amounts of old notes for the new legal tender would make the banks suspicious; and banks in turn would convey their suspicions to the tax authorities who would then catch the culprits. “Black money” would thus get exposed, and this would discourage further transgressions in future. 
Now, the second part of this argument, even assuming that “black money” actually consists of cash-hoards, makes little sense. If a person possesses, say, unaccounted money of Rs.20 crores, and that too in 500 and 1000 rupee notes, then such a person will certainly not come with the entire Rs.20 crores to a bank to change it into the new legal-tender (he will not be allowed to do so anyway); he would rather send several factotums to the bank, each carrying a small amount, and would do so over a number of days prior to the December 30 deadline. 
In fact even this prolonged effort would be unnecessary, since all sorts of intermediaries would come up fairly soon who would do this job of exchanging old notes for new ones on behalf of customers for a consideration. With such “black operators”, exchanging “black money” from the old legal tender to the new legal tender, the idea, mooted by “experts” on several TV channels, that demonetizing 500 and 1000 rupee notes would unearth illegal cash-hoards makes little sense. 
More importantly, however, this very conception of “black money” is absurd. Indeed the term “black money” itself is a misnomer, since it conjures up the image of a stock of money which is supposed to be held not openly, in the form of bank deposits, but clandestinely in the form of currency notes, and that too in pillowcases or in containers buried in the earth. 
Actually when we talk of “black money” we have in mind a whole set of activities which are either entirely illegal, such as smuggling, or drug-running, or procuring arms for terrorist organizations, or are undertaken in excess of what is legally permitted, or are not declared at all so that taxes are not paid on them. 
If 100 tonnes of minerals are extracted but only 80 tonnes are declared to be extracted, in order to reduce tax payment, then we have a case of “black money” being generated. Likewise, if $100 of exports are undertaken but only $80 are declared, and the remainder $20 are kept abroad in Swiss Banks, which is against the law, then we have a case of “black money” being generated. Or if rupees are changed into foreign exchange through the hawala route and kept as deposits abroad, then we have a case of “black money” being generated. In short, “black money” refers to a whole set of undeclared activities. 
“Black money”, it follows, refers not to a stock but to a flow. ”Black activities”, like “white activities”, are meant to earn profits for those engaged in them; and simply keeping a hoard of money earns no profits. What Marx had said about business activities also holds about “black activities”, namely that profits are earned not by hoarding money but by throwing it into circulation; the “miser” does the former, the capitalist the latter. And those engaged in “black activities” are capitalists not misers. 
Of course, in any business money is also held for a shorter or longer period (e.g. during the C-M-C circuit); but this is true as much for “white activities” as for “black activities”, so that the belief that the differentia specifica of “black money” is that it is held while “white money” is used for circulation, is completely without any basis. Allmoney circulates, with occasional pauses when it is held, whether it is employed in “black activities” or “white activities”. The essence of unearthing “black money” lies therefore in tracking down “black activities”, not in attacking money-holdings per se. And this requires honest, systematic, and painstaking investigation. 
Long before the days of computers, the British Internal Revenue Service had earned the reputation that it would eventually catch up with any tax defaulter simply through a process of grinding and meticulous investigation. True, Britain is a small country compared to India, but that only means that the size of the tax administering personnel has to be larger, tailored to the needs of the country; and if this is done, then unearthing “black money”, at least in the domestic economy, is merely a matter of patient and efficient tax administration. 
A sizeable portion of “black activities”, however, is operated through banks located abroad; indeed some would say that this constitutes much the larger portion. Narendra Modi himself before his election had talked of “bringing back” the “black money” stashed abroad, suggesting that the bulk of “black money” was located abroad, even though his remark displayed the same naïve understanding that “black money” referred to a hoard rather than to a range of activities. But if foreign banks constitute the predominant source of funding “black activities”, then the demonetization of 500 and 1000 rupee notes, while causing much hardship to ordinary people, will do little to eliminate such activities. 
This is not the first time that such demonetization of currency notes has occurred in India. In January 1946, the 1000 and 10000 rupee notes were demonetized; and in 1978 the Morarji Desai government had demonetized 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee notes from the midnight of January 16. But even in 1978, let alone in 1946, this had caused no hardships for the ordinary people, since most of them had scarcely ever seen such a note, let alone possess one. (Even in 1978 Rs.1000 was a lot of money and common people hardly saw notes of 1000-rupee denomination). But that move of the Morarji Desai government, even though it did not impinge on common people, did not end the scourge of “black money” either. The Modi government’s move, while equally ineffective in countering “black money”, has the added flaw of impinging severely on common people. 
Some have argued that, whether or not the demonetization of 500 and 1000 rupee notes itself has the effect of countering “black money”, it represents a long-term move away from a cash-using economy, and amounts in that sense to a restraint on unaccounted activities that are typically not financed through recognized institutional channels. But quite apart from the fact that “black activities” financed through foreign banks will still escape detection in a cashless India, the very idea of a cashless India represents a pipedream of a segment of the elite, which is totally unaware of the difficulty that a common person faces in obtaining a credit card, or even opening a bank account (despite Modi’s loud boasts about expanding people’s bankability). The move towards a cashless economy, while not being realized, will simply become an additional means through which the common people will get squeezed. 
But, what about the other argument that such demonetization acts against terrorism by preventing the circulation of fake currency notes printed “across the border”? This argument hinges crucially on the assumption that the technology employed in printing the new legal tender will prevent any possibility of faking it. Let us accept that assumption. Even so, the introduction of such new legal tender which cannot be faked, at the expense of the existing legal tender, could have been effected in a gradual and altogether unobtrusive manner, exactly as the introduction of new currency notes in lieu of the old ones is routinely effected. 
It is not as if the government was expecting an avalanche of fake notes on the night of November 8; why could it not have avoided the sudden, surprising, and massive attack on the security and convenience of the people that it launched on the night of November 8? 
What the Modi government has done is unprecedented in the history of modern India. Even the colonial government had shown greater sensitivity to the convenience of the people than the Modi government has done by demonetizing only those notes which were possessed by the super-rich and not those possessed by the people at large. This “emergency measure”, however, is in line with the numerous other measures being currently pursued by the Modi government which has embarked on an undeclared “Emergency”: it is as fatuous as it is against the people. 

(Professor Prabhat Patnaik is a reputed economist and scholar. He is Professor Emeritus at Jawaharlal Nehru University and author of several books including The Value of Money, The Retreat to Unfreedom, A Theory of Imperialism (co-author Utsa Patnaik) 
By the kind courtesy of 
http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/2/9180/Demonetization-Witless-and-Anti-People

6 comments:

  1. I do not quite agree with the argument in toto but do feel partially that disposal of black money/unaccounted currency notes are cleverly and clandestinely disposed off by most of the big time hoarders or black money operators. Yet, there are many in this line inclusive of Netas, bureaucrats, industrialists, businessmen and under world dons who possess hoards of ill gotten wealth through various means and have it still in kind ie in the form of currency notes of Rs 500 & Rs 1000 hidden through various means as driven by their own wisdom and logic.
    Modi's bold initiative of demonetisation would certainly either compel them to take it out and put it in banks or have it converted into new currency notes by hook or by crook by their own individual schemes and ingenuity or destroy it or better distribute it amongst poor within his view with an aim of reaping some returns at a later stage. Modi's aim must be to get the entire lot of hoarded currency notes of Rs 500 & Rs 1000 out of the hoards into the banks.
    In my personal view Modi and his advisers have blundered in introducing the Rs 2000 currency notes so early. By doing so he has added to or rather multiplied the misery of the general population who has been starved of the smaller denomination notes/cash for their daily and sustaining needs. Wonder how long their miseries would be prolonged. It would have been much better, had he put out large number of new Rs 200 currency notes and designed them such that they could have been easily dispensed by the ATMs. FM's lame argument that the need for secrecy prevented them from re-calibrating the entire lot of ATM's does stand to worthwhile logic. The inconvenience being caused to the Indian population post demonetisation should have been the top criteria in the minds of PM, RM or even Governor of RBI.
    Even something can be done now on war footing to ease the situation for the common Indian. All the banks can work round the clock in 8 to 10 hours shifts to exchange and deposit old currency notes of Rs 500 & Rs 1000. In addition some staff should be deputed to guide/help people standing in queues to complete documentation to save actual exchange/deposit time at the counters.
    It has come to light that the cash in ATMs finishes after 4-6 hours, so logically the ATMs should also be refiled after every six hours ie four times during a 24 hour day so that people wait in queues for much lesser time and get a positive feeling that the Govt is well worried about the common men and their convenience.
    By doing so the target of 50 days may well be achieved or else it may have to be further extended to cause more misery to the hoards of Indians who are required to deposit or exchange very limited amounts.

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  2. The problem of black money is hydra-headed. Our government's action to demonetise 1000/500 denomination currency notes with a surprise element attached is indeed creating problems to the public, but this bitter medicine is necessary. The present government tried to mollify the black money hoarders in declaring their holdings, but the response was not encouraging. The 1978 demonetisation involved only 20% of the total currency value in circulation where as now it amounts to almost 80%. Issuing new low denomination notes and recalibration the ATMs prior to 08 Nov might have sacrificed the surprise element attached to this action. Mr Modi himself announced and took responsibility for the inconveniences to the public which no other party leader will dare to do. In an exercise of this sort we must give a sympathetic helping hand to the leader who is acting for the good of the nation and its economy. Moreover, he asserts that this is not the end to stop the black money and unpalatable things are going to come by shortly. Those will address the other topics raised by our Professor Patnaik. Mr Modi took half of his first term to come out of his election mood and only entered the action mode. Let us hope and wish him well that he will succeed in this unprecedented attempt.

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  3. Mr Patnaik is a known CPM sympathiser and a leftist in views.His views are totally biased and not the correct perception of many scholars and economists

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  4. Common people are suffering a lot because of this rule. People are not able to meet there daily expense also. There is huge shortage of old 100 rs nots. New 2000 notes are coming but how common people exchange these notes..if you go to a shop with rs 2000, they don't have enough 100 notes to give you the balance. Trinity Builders

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  5. Demonetisation is affecting the growtha nd sale of the real estate sector.So what is the long-term impact of this move on the industry? real estate bloggers india

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  6. The argument put forth is stark and compelling. To learn more about how black money is hoarded particularly in properties in india please visit PropChill.com

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